Belaúnde Terry, Fernando

born October 7, 1912, Lima, Peru

died June 4, 2002, Lima

statesman, architect, and president of Peru (1963–68, 1980–85), known for his efforts at democratic reform and his pro-American stance.

Belaúnde, a member of a distinguished aristocratic Peruvian family, studied architecture in the United States and France in 1924–35 and practiced briefly in Mexico before returning in 1936 to Peru, where he became a noted architect and founded the architectural magazine Arquitecto Peruano (“Peruvian Architect”). He served in the Chamber of Deputies (1945–48) while his father, Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco, was prime minister. After a military coup in 1948 overthrew the government, the younger Belaúnde returned to his post as dean of the School of Architecture in the National University of Engineering.

Belaúnde helped establish the National Democratic Front and was its representative to parliament in Lima in 1945–48. With the restoration of free elections in 1956, he ran for president on behalf of the newly formed Democratic Youth Front; he was defeated but made a surprisingly strong showing. Shortly thereafter this party was renamed Popular Action (Acción Popular). In the new election of June 1963, Belaúnde received 39 percent of the vote and set about forming a reformist coalition. His program of land reform and road building to open the Amazon River valley to settlement progressed, but he was frustrated in much of the rest of his domestic policy by a Congress under opposition control. His administration sought to maintain close relations with the United States, supporting its Alliance for Progress program for development of Latin America.

Public outcry over an agreement with an American corporation, the International Petroleum Company, on the development of oil fields in northern Peru led to Belaúnde's deposal by a military junta in October 1968. He fled to the United States, returned to Peru in December 1970, and was again exiled from January 1971 until his return in January 1976. In May 1980, in the first presidential elections since his deposal, he defeated 14 other candidates. Although he returned freedom of the press to Peru, Belaúnde was baffled by a high inflation rate, a huge foreign debt, and violent attacks by the Shining Path terrorist group. Resentment over his austerity measures and his inability to control the military in its fight against terrorists led to his crushing electoral defeat in May 1985. Belaúnde, a prolific writer, was the author of La conquista del Perú por los Peruanos (1959; Peru's Own Conquest).