Ne Win, U

born May 24, 1911, Paungdale, Burma [Myanmar]

died December 5, 2002, Yangôn, Myanmar

also called Shu Maung Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988.

Ne Win studied at University College, Rangoon (Yangôn), from 1929 to 1931, and in the mid-1930s he became involved in the struggle for Burmese independence from the British. During World War II, after the Japanese invasion of Burma, he was one of the Thirty Comrades who, in 1941, went to Hainan to receive military training from the Japanese. Ne Win was an officer in the Japanese-sponsored Burma National Army from 1943 to 1945, but, becoming disillusioned with the Japanese, he helped organize the underground resistance. After Burma gained independence from Britain on January 4, 1948, he served as the second commander in chief of the army.

In 1958 Ne Win was asked to serve as prime minister in a caretaker government after former prime minister U Nu's administration had proved incapable of suppressing the ethnic insurgencies that were crippling the country. Ne Win held general elections in 1960, stepping down that same year after U Nu's reelection and the restoration of parliamentary government. However, on March 2, 1962, Ne Win carried out a coup d'état, imprisoning U Nu and establishing the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma, whose members were drawn almost exclusively from the armed forces.

In his subsequent rule, Ne Win combined a military dictatorship with a socialist economic program, the cornerstone of which was the nationalization of Burma's major economic enterprises. His government broke Indian, Chinese, and Pakistani traders' control over the country's economy, and it embarked on an ambitious though unsuccessful program of rapid industrialization. Ne Win steered a neutralist course in foreign policy and isolated Burma from contacts with the outside world. His regime made Burma into a one-party state in 1964; the sole party permitted to exist was the Burmese Socialist Program Party (BSPP), which had been founded by Ne Win and which was dominated by military officers. Ne Win and his colleagues formulated a new constitution in 1972–73 that provided for a one-party state in Burma. A new government was elected in 1974 with Ne Win as president (1974–81). He subsequently retained the post of chairman of the BSPP, remaining the country's preeminent leader.

By the late 1980s, Ne Win's socialist and isolationist policies had turned Burma into one of the world's poorest countries. Governmental corruption and mismanagement had driven a great deal of the country's economic activity underground into the black market, and Burma, which had once been a leading rice exporter, was beginning to experience food shortages. In late 1987 widespread antigovernment rioting broke out in the major cities, prompting Ne Win in July 1988 to resign from the chairmanship of the BSPP. The BSPP was replaced by the State Law and Order Restoration Council, which was also headed by military officers, but Ne Win remained active behind the scenes. In March 2002, however, he was placed under house arrest following the imprisonment of several family members who were accused of plotting a coup against the country's military junta; no charges were brought against Ne Win, but he remained under house arrrest until his death.