née Khaleda Majumdar politician who served as prime minister of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001. The first woman to serve as prime minister of Bangladesh, she governed during a period of natural disasters, economic distress, and civil unrest.
Zia was the third of five children born to Taiyaba and Iskandar Majumdar, a businessman. In 1960 she passed the government matriculation exam and later attended Surendranath College in Dinājpur.
In 1959 she married Zia ur-Rahman, a leader in the fight for the independence of Bangladesh, then part of Pakistan. During the struggle in 1971 she was kept under house arrest, though she remained largely uninterested in politics, even after her husband became president of Bangladesh in 1977. After her husband was assassinated in 1981 by military officers, she became politically active, and in 1984 she assumed the leadership of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Zia was arrested repeatedly during the dictatorship of Hossain Mohammad Ershad in the 1980s, but in 1991 she led the opposition to victory and became prime minister.
During Zia's first term she attempted to tackle the country's dire economic problems by privatizing industry and encouraging private investment; her government also focused on improving the country's educational system and expanding the economic opportunities available to women. Her efforts were hampered, however, by a cyclone in 1991 that killed more than 130,000 people and caused more than $2 billion in damage. In February 1996 she overwhelmingly won a second term in office, but her victory was tainted by an opposition-led boycott of the election; heeding the call of opposition groups, which claimed that the government would rig the outcome in its favour, roughly nine-tenths of eligible voters abstained. After a wave of strikes and protests, she resigned the following month. In 2001 Zia regained power, promising to eliminate both corruption and terrorism.
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