politician who in 1994–96 was the first Socialist prime minister of Japan since 1948.
One of 11 children born to a fisherman, Murayama graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo in 1946 and then returned to Ōita, where he became an activist in the local fishermen's union. Most of his subsequent political career was spent in relative obscurity. He won election to the Ōita city assembly in 1955 and moved up to a seat in the Ōita prefectural assembly in 1963. He was elected to the lower house of the Diet (parliament) in 1972 as a member of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) and was successively reelected thereafter. Murayama first gained national recognition when, as a compromise candidate, he became the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDJP; the party's new official name in English from 1991) in 1993.
The SDJP was a member of a seven-party coalition that came to power in 1993 and ended almost three decades of uninterrupted rule by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). In April 1994, however, Murayama abruptly withdrew his party's support from Hata Tsutomu, the second prime minister elected by the coalition. When Hata resigned two months later, Murayama succeeded him as prime minister on June 29 on the strength of an unprecedented alliance between the SDJP and the LDP. Murayama helped hold the fragile new coalition together, but he never had a firm grasp on power. On Jan. 5, 1996, he resigned and was succeeded six days later by Hashimoto Ryūtarō of the LDP.
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