Sierra Leonean prime minister (1967 and 1968–71) and president (1971–85) who survived in office despite attempted coups, a burdensome national debt, and almost continual charges of gross mismanagement and governmental corruption.
Stevens was a police officer, mine worker, and railway station master before founding the United Mineworkers Union (1943). He studied industrial relations at Ruskin College, Oxford (1947–48), and represented the Sierra Leone People's Party in the Protectorate Assembly, becoming minister of lands, mines, and labour (1952). After serving as deputy leader of the breakaway People's National Party (1958–60), he formed his own All People's Congress (APC) in 1960 and was opposition leader from 1961—the year that Sierra Leone achieved independence from Britain—until the APC won the 1967 election.
Stevens was overthrown in a military coup in 1967 only days after being sworn in as prime minister, but he was recalled from exile in Guinea after another coup 13 months later. He requested troops from Guinea to quell the protests surrounding his installation as executive president in 1971, and in 1978 he declared Sierra Leone a one-party state. He stepped down peacefully in 1985 in favour of his hand-picked successor, but in 1987 he was put under house arrest on suspicion of plotting a coup attempt.
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