politician and government official who was prime minister of India in 1989–90.
Singh studied at Allahabad and Pune (Poona) universities and became a member of the Legislative Assembly of his home state of Uttar Pradesh in 1969 as a member of the Congress Party. He won election to the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) in 1971 and was appointed a deputy minister of commerce by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974. He was minister of commerce in 1976–77, and, when Indira Gandhi returned to power in 1980, he served as chief minister (governor) of Uttar Pradesh until 1982 and resumed his post as commerce minister in 1983.
Upon the death of Indira Gandhi in 1984, her son and successor as prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, appointed Singh minister of finance. In this post, Singh's efforts to reduce governmental regulation of business and to prosecute tax fraud attracted widespread praise. Transferred to the post of minister of defense in January 1987, Singh resigned from Gandhi's Cabinet later that year after his investigations of arms-procurement fraud were squelched.
Soon afterward, Singh resigned from the government altogether and left Gandhi's Congress (I) Party. He soon assembled a nationwide coalition of centrist opposition parties called the National Front, which contested the general elections of December 1989. After that election, Singh as the leader of the National Front was able to form a coalition government in alliance with two other major opposition parties. He was sworn in as India's prime minister on Dec. 2, 1989. After state legislative elections in March 1990, Singh's governing coalition achieved control of both houses of India's Parliament. The coalition was riven by disputes having to do with religious and caste issues, however, and Singh resigned on Nov. 7, 1990, after receiving a vote of no confidence in the Parliament.
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