in full Leonid Danylovych Kuchma Ukrainian engineer and politician who became prime minister (1992–93) and the second president of independent Ukraine (1994–2005). His administration supported increased privatization, free trade, and closer ties with Russia.
After graduating from Dnipropetrovsk State University in 1960, Kuchma embarked on a career as an engineer, serving as Communist Party secretary (1972–82) for his company in Dnipropetrovsk. During those years he also retained a top-secret post as a technical manager in Baikonur, Kazakhstan, the centre of the Soviet space program. From 1986 to 1992, he served as the general director of Yuzhmash, the world's largest rocket-construction firm, in Dnipropetrovsk.
In October 1992 Kuchma was appointed prime minister by Leonid M. Kravchuk, Ukraine's first democratically elected president. Kuchma clashed with Kravchuk over economic policies and resigned from the post after one year. In 1993 Kuchma was appointed chairman of the Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, and the following year he was a professor at Dnipropetrovsk State University and academician of the Engineering Academy of Ukraine.
In the 1994 presidential elections, Kuchma defeated the incumbent Kravchuk, a nationalist, by reaching out to former communists. His popularity steadily declined, however, as his reforms failed to improve the country's economy. In 1999 he was reelected president, though observers alleged voting irregularities. Later that year Kuchma appointed Viktor Yushchenko, the former chairman of the National Bank and an advocate of economic reform, as prime minister. The economy subsequently improved, but Kuchma's political situation worsened. In 2001 Yushchenko was dismissed following a no-confidence motion in the legislature, and in 2002 the opposition called for Kuchma's impeachment after the authentication of audio tapes that allegedly implicated him in the murder of a dissident journalist and revealed his approval of the sale of a radar system to Iraq in violation of a United Nations Security Council resolution. Cleared by the Constitutional Court to seek a third term as president in 2004, Kuchma instead backed the candidacy of Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych against Yushchenko. Following the disputed runoff, in which Yanukovych declared victory despite allegations of fraud by the opposition, Kuchma called for a new election to settle the crisis. Yushchenko won the new election ordered by the Supreme Court, and Kuchma left office in January 2005.
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